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Ubuntu Resource Monitoring

Introduction​

Resource monitoring is a critical aspect of Ubuntu system administration. It involves tracking and analyzing the usage of system resources such as CPU, memory, disk, and network to ensure optimal performance, identify bottlenecks, and troubleshoot issues. Effective resource monitoring helps administrators make informed decisions about capacity planning, performance optimization, and system maintenance.

In this guide, we'll explore various tools and techniques for monitoring resources in Ubuntu, ranging from command-line utilities to graphical applications. Whether you're managing a personal workstation or a production server, understanding how to monitor system resources is essential for maintaining a healthy Ubuntu system.

Why Monitor System Resources?​

Before diving into the tools and techniques, let's understand why resource monitoring is important:

  • Performance Optimization: Identifying resource bottlenecks helps improve system performance
  • Capacity Planning: Understanding resource usage trends helps plan for future hardware needs
  • Troubleshooting: Diagnosing issues by correlating resource usage with system problems
  • Security: Detecting unusual resource consumption that might indicate security breaches
  • Application Management: Ensuring applications have sufficient resources to function properly

Basic Command-Line Monitoring Tools​

Ubuntu comes with several built-in command-line tools for monitoring system resources. Let's explore them one by one.

top - Process Activity Monitor​

The top command provides a dynamic real-time view of the running system, displaying information about CPU usage, memory usage, running processes, and more.

top

Example output:

top - 14:30:25 up 5 days, 2:34, 2 users, load average: 0.42, 0.55, 0.59
Tasks: 255 total,   1 running, 254 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie
%Cpu(s):  5.9 us,  2.0 sy,  0.0 ni, 91.7 id,  0.3 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.1 si,  0.0 st
MiB Mem :  16096.2 total,   7852.0 free,   3318.8 used,   4925.4 buff/cache
MiB Swap:   2048.0 total,   2048.0 free,      0.0 used.  12021.4 avail Mem 

  PID USER      PR  NI    VIRT    RES    SHR S  %CPU  %MEM     TIME+ COMMAND      
 1145 root      20   0  715556 108800  71132 S   6.0   0.7   5:23.34 Xorg         
 2145 ubuntu    20   0 4904636 286676 109448 S   2.7   1.7  14:28.38 gnome-shell  
 2976 ubuntu    20   0  906156  51532  38492 S   1.0   0.3   0:13.57 gnome-terminal

Key sections of the top output:

  • System summary: Shows uptime, users, and load averages
  • Task summary: Displays the total number of processes and their states
  • CPU usage: Shows CPU utilization by different categories
  • Memory usage: Displays physical and swap memory usage
  • Process list: Shows details about individual processes

You can use the following keyboard shortcuts within top:

  • Press q to quit
  • Press h for help
  • Press k to kill a process (you'll be prompted for the PID)
  • Press F to configure the columns displayed
  • Press o to change the sort order

htop - Enhanced Process Viewer​

htop is an improved version of top with a more user-friendly interface and additional features. You may need to install it first:

sudo apt install htop

To run htop:

htop

htop provides a colorful, easier-to-read interface with the ability to scroll horizontally and vertically, kill processes using the keyboard, and customize the display without editing configuration files.

free - Memory Usage​

The free command displays the amount of free and used memory in the system:

free -h

Example output:

              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:           15Gi       3.2Gi       7.7Gi       293Mi       4.8Gi        12Gi
Swap:          2.0Gi          0B       2.0Gi

The -h flag makes the output human-readable (using units like M for megabytes and G for gigabytes).

df - Disk Space Usage​

To check disk space usage, use the df command:

df -h

Example output:

Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1       237G   45G  181G  20% /
tmpfs           7.8G  1.7M  7.8G   1% /dev/shm
/dev/sda2       511M  6.1M  505M   2% /boot/efi

This shows disk usage for each mounted filesystem. The -h flag provides human-readable output.

du - Directory Space Usage​

To check the size of directories, use du:

du -sh /var/log

Example output:

76M    /var/log

The -s flag gives a summary (just the total) and -h provides human-readable sizes.

vmstat - System Activity Monitor​

The vmstat command reports information about processes, memory, paging, block I/O, traps, and CPU activity.

vmstat 1 5

This runs vmstat every 1 second for 5 reports. Example output:

procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- -system-- ------cpu-----
 r  b   swpd   free   buff  cache   si   so    bi    bo   in   cs us sy id wa st
 0  0      0 7932724 583160 4457724    0    0    46    24  118  244  6  2 92  0  0
 0  0      0 7932724 583160 4457724    0    0     0     0  294  507  1  0 99  0  0
 0  0      0 7932724 583160 4457724    0    0     0     0  290  485  1  0 99  0  0
 0  0      0 7932724 583160 4457724    0    0     0     0  267  449  0  0 100  0  0
 0  0      0 7932724 583160 4457724    0    0     0    36  294  511  1  0 99  0  0

iostat - I/O Statistics​

The iostat command reports CPU and I/O statistics for devices and partitions. You may need to install it first:

sudo apt install sysstat

To run iostat:

iostat -x 1 5

This shows extended statistics (-x) every 1 second for 5 reports.

netstat - Network Statistics​

The netstat command displays network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, masquerade connections, and multicast memberships. You may need to install it:

sudo apt install net-tools

To list all open ports:

netstat -tuln

Example output:

Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State      
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:631           0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:5432          0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN     
tcp6       0      0 ::1:631                 :::*                    LISTEN     
udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:68              0.0.0.0:*

Options used:

  • -t: Show TCP connections
  • -u: Show UDP connections
  • -l: Show only listening sockets
  • -n: Don't resolve names (faster)

Advanced Monitoring Tools​

While basic command-line tools are useful for quick checks, more advanced tools provide deeper insights and better visualization of resource usage.

sar - System Activity Reporter​

The sar command collects, reports, and saves system activity information. It's part of the sysstat package:

sudo apt install sysstat

Enable the sysstat data collection service:

sudo systemctl enable sysstat
sudo systemctl start sysstat

View CPU usage statistics:

sar -u 1 5

View memory usage:

sar -r 1 5

View disk I/O statistics:

sar -b 1 5

The sar command can also access historical data, making it valuable for analyzing performance trends over time.

atop - Advanced System Monitor​

atop is an interactive monitor that can report the activity of all processes, even those that have already terminated.

sudo apt install atop

To run atop:

atop

atop records resource usage by all processes and provides historical data as well as real-time monitoring.

iotop - I/O Monitor​

iotop displays I/O usage information by processes, similar to top but focused on disk I/O.

sudo apt install iotop

To run iotop:

sudo iotop

nmon - Performance Monitor​

nmon (Nigel's Monitor) is a performance monitoring tool that can display CPU, memory, network, disk, file system, and more.

sudo apt install nmon

To run nmon:

nmon

Press the following keys to show different statistics:

  • c: CPU statistics
  • m: Memory statistics
  • d: Disk statistics
  • n: Network statistics
  • t: Top processes
  • q: Quit

Graphical Monitoring Tools​

Ubuntu offers several graphical tools for those who prefer a visual representation of system resources.

GNOME System Monitor​

GNOME System Monitor is the default graphical monitoring tool in Ubuntu with GNOME desktop:

gnome-system-monitor

It provides tabs for:

  • Processes: Lists all running processes with resource usage
  • Resources: Shows graphs of CPU, memory, and network usage
  • File Systems: Displays disk usage

Stacer​

Stacer is a modern system optimizer and monitoring tool with a clean interface:

sudo apt install stacer

Stacer includes:

  • System cleaner
  • Startup apps manager
  • Services manager
  • Process monitor
  • Resource usage graphs
  • APT package manager integration

htop in Terminal​

For users who prefer terminal-based applications but want graphical elements, htop provides a balance:

sudo apt install htop

To run htop:

htop

Continuous Monitoring and Alerting​

For production environments or servers, continuous monitoring and alerting are essential.

Setting Up Monitoring with Prometheus and Grafana​

For a more comprehensive monitoring solution, Prometheus (for data collection) and Grafana (for visualization) are popular options:

  1. Install Prometheus:
sudo apt update
sudo apt install prometheus prometheus-node-exporter
  1. Install Grafana:
sudo apt install -y software-properties-common
sudo add-apt-repository "deb https://packages.grafana.com/oss/deb stable main"
wget -q -O - https://packages.grafana.com/gpg.key | sudo apt-key add -
sudo apt update
sudo apt install grafana
  1. Start and enable services:
sudo systemctl enable prometheus prometheus-node-exporter grafana-server
sudo systemctl start prometheus prometheus-node-exporter grafana-server

  1. Access Grafana at http://your-server-ip:3000 (default credentials: admin/admin)

  2. Add Prometheus as a data source in Grafana and import dashboard templates for Ubuntu/Linux systems.

This setup provides:

  • Historical data storage
  • Custom dashboards
  • Alerting capabilities
  • Remote monitoring

Monitoring with Nagios​

Nagios is a powerful monitoring system that can alert administrators when systems encounter problems:

sudo apt install nagios4

After installation, you'll need to configure Nagios to monitor your specific resources and set up alert thresholds.

Creating a Simple Monitoring Script​

For basic automated monitoring, you can create a simple bash script:

#!/bin/bash

# Simple resource monitoring script

echo "=== System Resource Monitor ==="
echo "Date: $(date)"
echo ""

echo "=== CPU Usage ==="
top -bn1 | grep "Cpu(s)" | sed "s/.*, *\([0-9.]*\)%* id.*/\1/" | awk '{print 100 - $1"%"}'
echo ""

echo "=== Memory Usage ==="
free -h | grep "Mem:"
echo ""

echo "=== Disk Usage ==="
df -h /
echo ""

echo "=== Most Resource-Intensive Processes ==="
ps aux --sort=-%cpu | head -6
echo ""

echo "=== System Load ==="
uptime
echo ""

Save this script as monitor.sh, make it executable with chmod +x monitor.sh, and run it with ./monitor.sh.

You can schedule it to run periodically using cron:

# Run every 15 minutes and append to log file
*/15 * * * * /path/to/monitor.sh >> /path/to/resource_log.txt

Visualizing Resource Usage with Simple Diagrams​

Understanding resource relationships can be easier with diagrams:

Best Practices for Resource Monitoring​

  1. Establish Baselines: Document normal resource usage patterns to identify abnormal behavior.

  2. Set Appropriate Thresholds: Configure alerts based on meaningful thresholds to avoid alert fatigue.

  3. Monitor Trends Over Time: Look for gradual changes that might indicate growing problems.

  4. Keep Historical Data: Maintain monitoring history to analyze patterns and for capacity planning.

  5. Document Monitoring Procedures: Create clear documentation for your monitoring setup and response procedures.

  6. Automate When Possible: Use scripts and scheduled tasks to automate routine monitoring activities.

  7. Monitor from Multiple Perspectives: Don't rely solely on one metric; consider the relationship between different resources.

  8. Regular Maintenance: Regularly review and update your monitoring tools and configurations.

Troubleshooting Common Resource Issues​

High CPU Usage​

If you notice high CPU usage:

  1. Identify the process consuming CPU:

    top -o %CPU

  2. Investigate the process further:

    ps -p <PID> -o cmd=

  3. Take appropriate action (optimize, restart, or limit the process).

Memory Leaks​

For memory-related issues:

  1. Check memory usage:

    free -h

  2. Find processes consuming excessive memory:

    ps aux --sort=-%mem | head

  3. Use tools like valgrind for detailed memory analysis of specific applications.

Disk Space Issues​

When dealing with disk space problems:

  1. Find large files:

    sudo find / -type f -size +100M -exec ls -lh {} \; | sort -rh

  2. Find directories using the most space:

    sudo du -h --max-depth=1 / | sort -hr

  3. Clean up unnecessary files:

    sudo apt clean
    sudo apt autoremove

Summary​

Effective resource monitoring is crucial for maintaining healthy Ubuntu systems. In this guide, we've explored:

  • Basic command-line monitoring tools like top, free, and df
  • Advanced monitoring tools like sar, atop, and iotop
  • Graphical monitoring applications
  • Setting up continuous monitoring with Prometheus and Grafana
  • Creating custom monitoring scripts
  • Best practices and troubleshooting techniques

By implementing a comprehensive monitoring strategy, you can ensure optimal performance, quickly identify and resolve issues, and make informed decisions about system management and capacity planning.

Additional Resources​

Exercises​

  1. Set up htop and customize its display to show the information most relevant to your needs.

  2. Create a bash script that monitors disk space and sends an email alert when usage exceeds 80%.

  3. Install and configure Prometheus and Grafana to monitor a local Ubuntu system.

  4. Use sar to collect CPU, memory, and disk data over 24 hours, then analyze the patterns to identify peak usage times.

  5. Create a cron job that logs resource usage to a file, then write a simple script to parse and summarize that log file.

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