Next.js Form Error Handling

When building web applications with Next.js, form validation and error handling are crucial aspects that directly impact user experience. Well-implemented error handling makes your forms more accessible, user-friendly, and secure. This guide will walk you through different approaches to handle form errors in Next.js applications.

Understanding Form Error Handling

Form error handling involves:

Validating user input
Displaying meaningful error messages
Preventing form submission with invalid data
Providing visual feedback to help users correct mistakes

In Next.js, we have multiple options to handle these requirements effectively.

Client-Side Validation

Basic HTML Validation

Next.js forms can leverage built-in HTML form validation attributes:

export default function SimpleForm() {
  return (
    <form onSubmit={(e) => e.preventDefault()}>
      <div>
        <label htmlFor="email">Email:</label>
        <input 
          type="email" 
          id="email" 
          required 
          pattern="[a-z0-9._%+-]+@[a-z0-9.-]+\.[a-z]{2,}$"
        />
      </div>
      <div>
        <label htmlFor="password">Password:</label>
        <input 
          type="password" 
          id="password" 
          required 
          minLength="8" 
        />
      </div>
      <button type="submit">Submit</button>
    </form>
  );
}

This approach uses HTML attributes like required, pattern, minLength, etc., to validate form fields. The browser will prevent form submission and display default error messages if validation fails.

Custom JavaScript Validation

For more control over validation and error messages, you can implement custom validation:

import { useState } from 'react';

export default function CustomValidationForm() {
  const [email, setEmail] = useState('');
  const [password, setPassword] = useState('');
  const [errors, setErrors] = useState({});

  const validateForm = () => {
    const newErrors = {};
    
    // Email validation
    if (!email) {
      newErrors.email = 'Email is required';
    } else if (!/\S+@\S+\.\S+/.test(email)) {
      newErrors.email = 'Email is invalid';
    }
    
    // Password validation
    if (!password) {
      newErrors.password = 'Password is required';
    } else if (password.length < 8) {
      newErrors.password = 'Password must be at least 8 characters';
    }
    
    setErrors(newErrors);
    return Object.keys(newErrors).length === 0;
  };

  const handleSubmit = (e) => {
    e.preventDefault();
    if (validateForm()) {
      // Form is valid, proceed with submission
      console.log('Form submitted successfully!', { email, password });
    }
  };

  return (
    <form onSubmit={handleSubmit}>
      <div>
        <label htmlFor="email">Email:</label>
        <input 
          type="email" 
          id="email"
          value={email}
          onChange={(e) => setEmail(e.target.value)}
        />
        {errors.email && <p className="error">{errors.email}</p>}
      </div>
      <div>
        <label htmlFor="password">Password:</label>
        <input 
          type="password" 
          id="password"
          value={password}
          onChange={(e) => setPassword(e.target.value)}
        />
        {errors.password && <p className="error">{errors.password}</p>}
      </div>
      <button type="submit">Submit</button>
    </form>
  );
}

This approach gives you complete control over validation logic and custom error messages.

Using Form Libraries

React Hook Form

React Hook Form is a popular choice for handling forms in Next.js due to its performance and developer experience:

import { useForm } from 'react-hook-form';

export default function ReactHookFormExample() {
  const { 
    register, 
    handleSubmit, 
    formState: { errors } 
  } = useForm();
  
  const onSubmit = (data) => {
    console.log('Form submitted successfully!', data);
  };

  return (
    <form onSubmit={handleSubmit(onSubmit)}>
      <div>
        <label htmlFor="email">Email:</label>
        <input 
          id="email"
          {...register('email', { 
            required: 'Email is required', 
            pattern: {
              value: /\S+@\S+\.\S+/,
              message: 'Email is invalid'
            }
          })}
        />
        {errors.email && <p className="error">{errors.email.message}</p>}
      </div>
      
      <div>
        <label htmlFor="password">Password:</label>
        <input 
          type="password" 
          id="password"
          {...register('password', { 
            required: 'Password is required',
            minLength: {
              value: 8,
              message: 'Password must be at least 8 characters'
            }
          })}
        />
        {errors.password && <p className="error">{errors.password.message}</p>}
      </div>
      
      <button type="submit">Submit</button>
    </form>
  );
}

React Hook Form offers:

Reduced re-renders
Built-in validation
Easy error handling
Form state management

Formik with Yup

Formik paired with Yup provides a comprehensive solution:

import { Formik, Form, Field, ErrorMessage } from 'formik';
import * as Yup from 'yup';

const validationSchema = Yup.object({
  email: Yup.string()
    .email('Invalid email address')
    .required('Email is required'),
  password: Yup.string()
    .min(8, 'Password must be at least 8 characters')
    .required('Password is required')
});

export default function FormikExample() {
  const handleSubmit = (values, { setSubmitting }) => {
    // Submit form data
    console.log('Form submitted successfully!', values);
    setSubmitting(false);
  };

  return (
    <Formik
      initialValues={{ email: '', password: '' }}
      validationSchema={validationSchema}
      onSubmit={handleSubmit}
    >
      {({ isSubmitting }) => (
        <Form>
          <div>
            <label htmlFor="email">Email:</label>
            <Field type="email" name="email" id="email" />
            <ErrorMessage name="email" component="p" className="error" />
          </div>
          
          <div>
            <label htmlFor="password">Password:</label>
            <Field type="password" name="password" id="password" />
            <ErrorMessage name="password" component="p" className="error" />
          </div>
          
          <button type="submit" disabled={isSubmitting}>
            {isSubmitting ? 'Submitting...' : 'Submit'}
          </button>
        </Form>
      )}
    </Formik>
  );
}

The Yup schema provides a declarative way to define validation rules.

Server-Side Validation

While client-side validation improves user experience, server-side validation is essential for security. In Next.js, you can implement server-side validation in API routes:

// File: pages/api/register.js
export default function handler(req, res) {
  if (req.method !== 'POST') {
    return res.status(405).json({ error: 'Method not allowed' });
  }

  const { email, password } = req.body;
  const errors = {};

  // Server-side validation
  if (!email) {
    errors.email = 'Email is required';
  } else if (!/\S+@\S+\.\S+/.test(email)) {
    errors.email = 'Email is invalid';
  }

  if (!password) {
    errors.password = 'Password is required';
  } else if (password.length < 8) {
    errors.password = 'Password must be at least 8 characters';
  }

  // Return errors if validation fails
  if (Object.keys(errors).length > 0) {
    return res.status(400).json({ errors });
  }

  // Process valid form data
  // ...

  res.status(200).json({ success: true });
}

Combining Client and Server Validation

Here's a complete example combining client and server validation:

// File: pages/register.js
import { useState } from 'react';
import { useForm } from 'react-hook-form';

export default function RegisterForm() {
  const [serverErrors, setServerErrors] = useState({});
  const [isSubmitting, setIsSubmitting] = useState(false);
  const [submitSuccess, setSubmitSuccess] = useState(false);
  
  const { 
    register, 
    handleSubmit, 
    formState: { errors: clientErrors }
  } = useForm();
  
  const onSubmit = async (data) => {
    setIsSubmitting(true);
    setServerErrors({});
    
    try {
      const response = await fetch('/api/register', {
        method: 'POST',
        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
        body: JSON.stringify(data)
      });
      
      const result = await response.json();
      
      if (!response.ok) {
        // Server returned validation errors
        setServerErrors(result.errors || {});
      } else {
        // Successful submission
        setSubmitSuccess(true);
      }
    } catch (error) {
      setServerErrors({ form: 'An unexpected error occurred' });
    } finally {
      setIsSubmitting(false);
    }
  };

  if (submitSuccess) {
    return <div className="success-message">Registration successful!</div>;
  }

  return (
    <form onSubmit={handleSubmit(onSubmit)}>
      {serverErrors.form && (
        <div className="server-error">{serverErrors.form}</div>
      )}
      
      <div>
        <label htmlFor="email">Email:</label>
        <input 
          id="email"
          {...register('email', { 
            required: 'Email is required', 
            pattern: {
              value: /\S+@\S+\.\S+/,
              message: 'Email is invalid'
            }
          })}
        />
        {clientErrors.email && (
          <p className="error">{clientErrors.email.message}</p>
        )}
        {serverErrors.email && (
          <p className="server-error">{serverErrors.email}</p>
        )}
      </div>
      
      <div>
        <label htmlFor="password">Password:</label>
        <input 
          type="password" 
          id="password"
          {...register('password', { 
            required: 'Password is required',
            minLength: {
              value: 8,
              message: 'Password must be at least 8 characters'
            }
          })}
        />
        {clientErrors.password && (
          <p className="error">{clientErrors.password.message}</p>
        )}
        {serverErrors.password && (
          <p className="server-error">{serverErrors.password}</p>
        )}
      </div>
      
      <button type="submit" disabled={isSubmitting}>
        {isSubmitting ? 'Submitting...' : 'Register'}
      </button>
    </form>
  );
}

Styling Form Errors

Error messages should be visually distinct to help users identify issues. Here's a simple CSS example:

.error, .server-error {
  color: #d32f2f;
  font-size: 0.8rem;
  margin-top: 4px;
}

.server-error {
  border-left: 3px solid #d32f2f;
  padding-left: 8px;
  background-color: rgba(211, 47, 47, 0.05);
}

input.error {
  border-color: #d32f2f;
}

.success-message {
  color: #2e7d32;
  background-color: rgba(46, 125, 50, 0.1);
  padding: 16px;
  border-radius: 4px;
  border-left: 4px solid #2e7d32;
}

Accessibility Considerations

When implementing form error handling, ensure it's accessible to all users:

import { useState } from 'react';

export default function AccessibleForm() {
  const [email, setEmail] = useState('');
  const [errors, setErrors] = useState({});

  const validateEmail = () => {
    if (!email) {
      setErrors({...errors, email: 'Email is required'});
      return false;
    }
    
    if (!/\S+@\S+\.\S+/.test(email)) {
      setErrors({...errors, email: 'Email is invalid'});
      return false;
    }
    
    // Clear error if validation passes
    const newErrors = {...errors};
    delete newErrors.email;
    setErrors(newErrors);
    return true;
  };

  return (
    <form>
      <div>
        <label htmlFor="email">Email:</label>
        <input 
          type="email" 
          id="email"
          value={email}
          onChange={(e) => setEmail(e.target.value)}
          onBlur={validateEmail}
          aria-invalid={errors.email ? 'true' : 'false'}
          aria-describedby={errors.email ? 'email-error' : undefined}
        />
        {errors.email && (
          <p 
            id="email-error" 
            role="alert" 
            className="error"
          >
            {errors.email}
          </p>
        )}
      </div>
      <button type="submit">Submit</button>
    </form>
  );
}

Key accessibility features:

Using aria-invalid to mark invalid fields
Using aria-describedby to link error messages to input fields
Using role="alert" for screen readers to announce errors
On-blur validation for immediate feedback

Real-World Example: Contact Form

Here's a comprehensive contact form example incorporating the techniques we've discussed:

import { useState } from 'react';
import { useForm } from 'react-hook-form';

export default function ContactForm() {
  const [isSubmitting, setIsSubmitting] = useState(false);
  const [submitSuccess, setSubmitSuccess] = useState(false);
  const [serverError, setServerError] = useState(null);
  
  const { 
    register, 
    handleSubmit, 
    reset,
    formState: { errors } 
  } = useForm();
  
  const onSubmit = async (data) => {
    setIsSubmitting(true);
    setServerError(null);
    
    try {
      // In a real app, this would be your API endpoint
      const response = await fetch('/api/contact', {
        method: 'POST',
        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
        body: JSON.stringify(data)
      });
      
      if (!response.ok) {
        throw new Error('Failed to submit form');
      }
      
      // Success handling
      setSubmitSuccess(true);
      reset(); // Clear the form
    } catch (error) {
      setServerError(error.message);
    } finally {
      setIsSubmitting(false);
    }
  };

  return (
    <div className="contact-form-container">
      {submitSuccess ? (
        <div className="success-message">
          <h3>Thank you for your message!</h3>
          <p>We'll get back to you as soon as possible.</p>
          <button onClick={() => setSubmitSuccess(false)}>
            Send another message
          </button>
        </div>
      ) : (
        <form onSubmit={handleSubmit(onSubmit)} noValidate>
          {serverError && (
            <div className="server-error">
              <p>{serverError}</p>
            </div>
          )}
          
          <div className="form-group">
            <label htmlFor="name">Name</label>
            <input
              id="name"
              {...register('name', { required: 'Name is required' })}
              aria-invalid={errors.name ? 'true' : 'false'}
              aria-describedby={errors.name ? 'name-error' : undefined}
            />
            {errors.name && (
              <p id="name-error" className="error" role="alert">
                {errors.name.message}
              </p>
            )}
          </div>
          
          <div className="form-group">
            <label htmlFor="email">Email</label>
            <input
              id="email"
              type="email"
              {...register('email', { 
                required: 'Email is required',
                pattern: {
                  value: /\S+@\S+\.\S+/,
                  message: 'Please enter a valid email address'
                }
              })}
              aria-invalid={errors.email ? 'true' : 'false'}
              aria-describedby={errors.email ? 'email-error' : undefined}
            />
            {errors.email && (
              <p id="email-error" className="error" role="alert">
                {errors.email.message}
              </p>
            )}
          </div>
          
          <div className="form-group">
            <label htmlFor="subject">Subject</label>
            <input
              id="subject"
              {...register('subject', { required: 'Subject is required' })}
              aria-invalid={errors.subject ? 'true' : 'false'}
              aria-describedby={errors.subject ? 'subject-error' : undefined}
            />
            {errors.subject && (
              <p id="subject-error" className="error" role="alert">
                {errors.subject.message}
              </p>
            )}
          </div>
          
          <div className="form-group">
            <label htmlFor="message">Message</label>
            <textarea
              id="message"
              rows="5"
              {...register('message', { 
                required: 'Message is required',
                minLength: {
                  value: 20,
                  message: 'Message must be at least 20 characters'
                }
              })}
              aria-invalid={errors.message ? 'true' : 'false'}
              aria-describedby={errors.message ? 'message-error' : undefined}
            ></textarea>
            {errors.message && (
              <p id="message-error" className="error" role="alert">
                {errors.message.message}
              </p>
            )}
          </div>
          
          <button 
            type="submit" 
            disabled={isSubmitting} 
            className="submit-button"
          >
            {isSubmitting ? 'Sending...' : 'Send Message'}
          </button>
        </form>
      )}
    </div>
  );
}

Summary

Effective form error handling in Next.js involves:

Client-side validation - For immediate user feedback
- HTML built-in validation
- Custom JavaScript validation
- Form libraries like React Hook Form or Formik
Server-side validation - For security and data integrity
- Implementing validation in API routes
- Returning clear validation errors to the client
User experience considerations
- Clear, specific error messages
- Accessible error presentation
- Visual indication of errors
- Real-time validation where appropriate
Combining approaches
- Using both client and server validation
- Handling different types of errors consistently

By implementing these techniques, you'll create forms that are user-friendly, accessible, and secure.

Additional Resources

Exercises

Create a registration form with email, password, and password confirmation fields. Implement both client and server-side validation.
Add real-time validation feedback that shows errors as users type or when they leave a field.
Enhance the contact form example with additional fields like phone number and implement custom validation patterns.
Implement a multi-step form with validation at each step before proceeding to the next.
Create a form that handles file uploads with validation for file type and size.

💡 Found a typo or mistake? Click "Edit this page" to suggest a correction. Your feedback is greatly appreciated!

Understanding Form Error Handling​

Client-Side Validation​

Basic HTML Validation​

Custom JavaScript Validation​

Using Form Libraries​

React Hook Form​

Formik with Yup​

Server-Side Validation​

Combining Client and Server Validation​

Styling Form Errors​

Accessibility Considerations​

Real-World Example: Contact Form​

Summary​

Additional Resources​

Exercises​